儿童远视的特征
儿童时期最常见的屈光不正是远视[1]。远视这个术语指的是眼睛的屈光状态,当调节处于静止状态时,来自无限远处的平行光线(通过眼部屈光介质折射后)被聚焦在视网膜神经感觉层后面。
在出生时,人类主要是远视眼,并且随着年龄的增长,远视眼会变为正视甚至近视[2-3]。阳性家族史对下一代远视的发展起着至关重要的作用[4]。如果确诊后不进行治疗,可能会出现弱视和斜视等后遗症[5-6]。
远视的分类(按病因)
轴性远视(最常见的-单纯性远视):是由于眼球前后轴向过短所致。遗传倾向起着重要作用。视网膜水肿可引起远视性漂移。轴向长度每减少1毫米,约导致3D远视屈光度[7]。
曲率性远视:这是由于角膜或晶状体变平或两者都变平所致。曲率半径每增加1 mm,远视屈光度约增加6D。
指数性远视:这是由于晶状体的折射率改变所致,这种情况发生在老年人或糖尿病患者身上。
位置性远视或晶状体缺失(无晶体眼)或眼部病理情况:这种情况的发生是由于晶状体(先天性或后天)或人工晶状体错位或缺失,原因是屈光介质中形成了无晶状体区域。外伤后或手术后的无晶状体眼是远视的常见原因。
少数眼部病变,如小眼球、无虹膜,可能导致远视。迄今为止,尚未确定一致的致病因素。虽然是偶发性的,但很少有遗传因素与远视有关。除了遗传和环境因素外,很少有后天条件造成远视的原因,特别是在老年人身上[8]。
学龄前不同阶段远视患病情况
近期发表于 Ophthalmology 上的一篇文献,调查了学龄前儿童远视的患病率。此研究由3个不同国家的4个研究组成儿童眼病研究联盟,共包括17214名儿童的眼科检查数据[9]。结果显示6~72月龄儿童视力较差眼远视(>200度)患病率为20.5%,中度/高度远视(≥400度)的患病率为3.2%,占所有远视的15.6%,中高度远视并不罕见。
中低度远视在6-11月龄儿童中患病率最高,在24月龄后基本稳定;而中高度远视不随年龄而减少,除12-23月龄患病率略低,其他更高年龄段与6-11月龄相近或更高。表1列出按种族或族裔,性别和年龄分组的6~72月龄儿童较差眼的低中度远视(200~400 度)和中高度(≥400 度)远视患病率。
表1:按种族或民族、性别和年龄划分的儿童较差眼远视严重程度的患病率
此外,在中高度远视儿童中,有较高比例存在双眼屈光参差。远视度数相差达100度或散光差达150度的比例为44.3%。屈光参差增加了斜视或弱视的风险。表2显示36~72月龄戴镜儿童较差眼不同类型远视的特征。
表2:儿童较差眼不同类型远视的特征
远视的危害
远视可能会导致视力下降,影响生活质量,轻度时可能无症状。人眼会自发通过调节增加晶状体屈光力来克服远视,额外的调节力可能会导致眼睛疲劳、头痛、间歇性模糊、身体平衡差、难以近距离阅读及认知能力、阅读能力、注意力下降等问题[10-17]。此外,学龄前儿童的调节不如成人准确,调节滞后会随着需求的增加而增加,变得更加多变[18]。
严重的可能会导致弱视。中高度远视是儿童发生弱视的重要原因之一[19],弱视会影响儿童视觉功能的发育与建立,在6岁以前儿童的视觉功能是一段较为敏感的时期,即视觉发育可塑性关键期[20-21]。相关的统计数据显示,有2%~4%的成人其视力下降是由于儿童时期的弱视和屈光不正发展而来的[22]。早期发现和纠正屈光不正,可以降低弱视发生率,使大部分弱视得到治愈同[23] 。
参考文献
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